Language

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About Ukrainian: Ukrainian is the official language of Ukraine (with the exception of the Crimea region, where the majority of the population is Russian) and is the first language of 77% of its 51 million people.

Ukrainian, along with Russian and Belorussian, belongs to the East Slavic group of the Slavic subfamily of Indo-European languages. Linguists believe that the Slavic languages have retained the features of the original Proto Indo-European language to a much greater extent than the Romance and the Germanic languages have. The spoken Slavic languages also show more similarity among themselves than do the Germanic or the Romance languages. However, some are written in the Cyrillic alphabet and some in the Latin alphabet. Ukrainian, Russian, and Belorussian are all written in the Cyrillic alphabet. These three major Eastern Slavic languages began to diverge around the 12th or 13th century, and all three languages are still mutually intelligible to some extent.

One Ukrainian word that has become a part of the English language is borscht . Another cultural contribution of Ukraine is the beloved and well-known "Carol of the Bells," which is a traditional Ukrainian folk song.

Formal and Informal Address: There are two forms of address in Ukrainian: the polite second person plural vy and the familiar second person singular ty . It is considered rude to use the familiar form when first meeting someone, unless the person you are addressing happens to be a small child. Always use the polite form of address until you are invited to switch to the familiar. The invitation to do so is a sign that your friendship with the native speaker has reached a warmer, more intimate level.

False Friends! As you learn the Ukrainian language, you will notice that some words that sound like English have a very different meaning in Ukrainian. For example, the Ukrainian word rid means generation or origin . The word is means from in Ukrainian. The Ukrainian word dim means smoke and the word on is an interjection meaning here !

Should I learn Ukrainian or Russian for adoption travel? It's hard to say which language is spoken more in Ukraine —Ukrainian or Russian. While the official state language of Ukraine is Ukrainian, the preferred language in most cities of southern, eastern, and northern Ukraine is Russian. Which means... at the office official documents may be in Ukrainian and employees e-mail each other in English, but they speak primarily Russian with each other. In Kyiv and many other regions use of Ukrainian has been increasing and instruction in most schools is in Ukrainian. The percentage of Ukrainian spoken on the street is about 30% in Kyiv. Because of this, we recommend that you be familiar with the Russian language. The phrases on this site are Russian, and will be understood by most Ukrainians.

The sixth century AD saw the migration of the Slav people from old Poland . The Slavs expanded westwards to the river Elbe and southwards to the Adriatic Sea where they gradually occupied much of the Balkans. By the tenth century, three Slavonic language groups had emerged: Western, Southern and Eastern. Eastern Slavonic gave rise to the modern languages known as Ukrainian, Belorussian and Russian. The Slavonic languages retained many features in common especially in grammatical structure; therefore the separate groups were able to use one common written language. This language was known as Old Slavonic or Old Church Slavonic (the language was used in its written form only). In the ninth century, two missionaries - Constantine (who on his deathbed took the monastic name Cyril) and Methodius - were required to write down the scriptures in Old Church Slavonic and to preach Christianity to the people of Moravia . Before they set out for Moravia , Constantine invented a Slavonic, now known as the Cyrillic alphabet. The Cyrillic alphabet is closely based on the Greek alphabet, with about a dozen additional letters invented to represent Slavic sounds not found in Greek.

In Russia , Cyrillic was first written in the early Middle Ages in clear-cut, legible ustav (large letters). Later a succession of cursive forms developed. In the early eighteenth century, under Peter the Great, the forms of letters were simplified and regularized, with some appropriate only to Greek being removed. Further unnecessary letters were expunged in 1918, leaving the alphabet as it is today.

In Russia , Old Church Slavonic remained the written language until the middle of the eighteenth century. By this time, the need was felt for a written language, which was closer to the educated spoken norm. The famous M. V. Lomonosov, after which the Moscow State University is named, distinguished three styles:

1. High Style - Church Slavonic, to be used for poetics and religion.
2. Middle Style - to be used for lyric poetry, prose and science.
3. Low Style - to be used in personal correspondence and in low comedy.

The Middle Style, which combined features of both East Slavonic and Church Slavonic, is the style, which came to form the basis of the modern standard language. In the mid 1800's, Standard Russian based on the Moscow dialect became the official language. Today Russian is the most important of the Slavic languages and is now one of the major languages of the world. It is also one of the official languages of the United Nations. In a recent census, 153 million people listed Russian as their mother tongue and another 61 million indicated they spoke it fluently as a second language. The number of Russian speakers worldwide could be in the region of 220 million.

The Russian language allows an interesting way of addressing people to whom you have just been introduced. The person's first name is combined with a modified form of his or her father's first name. If a man's first name is Ivan and his father's first name is also Ivan, you would call him Ivan Ivanovich (Ivan, son of Ivan), and if Ivan had a sister, she would be called Natasha Ivanovna, (Natasha, daughter of Ivan). The -ovich and -ovna suffixes are always appended to the father's first name and not to the mother's.

Although many people speak English in Russia , there will be times when the language barrier can make things difficult. You will find it helpful to familiarize yourself with the Russian alphabet and some basics of the language before you go. As one woman who adopted in Russia said, before she went the first time she knew two words: Da-Yes, and Nyet-No. By the time she went back the second time she realized two phrases that made a big difference: spah-SEE-bah or thank you, and ya nee gav-ar-YOO pah ROOS-ki, or I don't speak Russian. We encourage you to learn as much of the language as you can, so that you will be more comfortable and able to communicate. There are many great resources for learning Russian. The book, Lonely Planet Russian Phrasebook: With Two-Way Dictionary by James Jenkin and Inna Zaitseva is a good one, as is The New Penguin Russian Course by Nicholas J. Brown. Both of these can be found online at: www.amazon.com

Another good place to learn basic Russian is online at: www.waytorussia.net/WhatIsRussia/Russian.html